Development of the information model of the soil cutting process spatially oriented knife of dynamic action

. The results of the construction of an information model of the process of soil cutting with straight-furrow oriented knives of dynamic action are given. Bulldozer equipment and its main tasks are considered. A working hypothesis of the movement of the scraper and the vertically oriented knife has been formed. The working hypothesis is based on the fact that the movement of the spatially oriented knife will be carried out longitudinally - trans-lationally, perpendicular to the trajectory of the movement of the working body. The dynamic movement of the knife will be carried out with the help of a self-oscillating hydraulic vibrator, the development of such a solution was implemented at the Department of Construction Machinery of KNUСA , the prerequisites were the work of the team, in particular, prof. Smirnov V.M. regarding the structure of the working body and prof. Bala-dinsky V.M. regarding the regularities of creating dynamic movements of cutting elements of earth-moving machines. And also, based on the works of Khmara L.A., candidate in connection with the intensification of the mechanization of earthworks in construction. Their vector movement and determination of the angles of application of the main cutting force to the corresponding angle α are presented. After constructing the movement vectors of the working body and the spatially oriented knife, a method of calculating the direction of the cutting force and the deflection angle α was developed. Using vector sums and speed ratios ranging from 10:1, where the spatially oriented knife moves ten times faster than the blade, to 1:10, where the spatially oriented knife moves ten times slower. A graph of the determination of the angle α is plotted depending on the ratio of the blade feeding speeds and the displacement of the spatially oriented knife. The speed ratio is calculated and entered in the speed ratio table according to the angle α and the bulldozer's gear ratio.


INTRODUCTION
Most calculations of knives and teeth of earthmoving equipment are based on the fact that its parameters do not change during the interaction of the working body with the soil.
The cutting forces of soils with a simple blocked cut are shown (Fig. 1).The cutting forces of soils during oblique cutting are shown (Fig. 2).

25
меліоративні машини, 102, 2023, 24-30 Fig. 2. Pfrontal cutting force; N is the normal cutting force.Pb is the orthogonal cutting force Changes in parameters during the multi-vector action of parts of the working body have not been studied much.Therefore, the issue of creating a methodology for determining the parameters of a spatially oriented knife of dynamic action is particularly relevant.

RESEARCH ANALYSIS
A bulldozer is a universal earthmoving and transport machine, equipped with a curved shaft mounted on a frame, and designed to perform various construction works.
Most often, a bulldozer is used for preparatory work: for demolishing old buildings, uprooting tree stumps, clearing bushes, clearing construction sites of construction debris, etc.
Bulldozers perform significant volumes of work in reclamation construction during the construction of irrigation and drainage canals, backfilling of dams and embankment of paved roads, capital and operational planning of reclaimed lands, construction of ponds, development of pits for pumping stations [6].
Bulldozers are used when performing the following types of construction work: clearing the territory of the vegetative layer of the soil, remnants of stumps, roots, planning the territory by cutting unevenness, filling depressions and removing excess soil; construction of embankment and pits during construction; development of wide trenches and pits; construction of dams; soil development on mountain slopes; backfilling of trenches; transportation of aggregates to receiving devices at warehouses of non-metallic building materials, etc [6].
The lowered blade cuts small mounds with a knife and fills small depressions with the cut soil, thereby leveling the soil surface.
Large-scale planning works related to cutting humps, filling ravines, large trenches, pits, canals, etc., are usually performed by the joint work of scrapers and bulldozers [10].
For the planning of soil dumps made by excavators or dump trucks, conveyors, etc., it is most expedient to use bulldozers with side dump extenders, which increase the width of the grip and thereby significantly increase the productivity of bulldozers on loose soils.
Blade is an attached equipment for bulldozers, motor graders, loaders, tractors and cars, which is used for soil development, snow removal and other works (Fig. 3) [11].
For the most part, the blade is a welded metal structure with a box section.Knives are attached along the lower edge of the blade.On both sides of the blade, side plates are welded, designed to prevent scattering of the transported material.With the help of a blade truck, the machine can move large volumes of cargo in one work cycle (over short distances), but, unlike buckets, blade are not suitable for loading soil onto vehicles.

Fig. 3. Wheeled bulldozer with blade equipment
Excavator knives are a special cutting pad that is attached to the working equipment of earthmoving and other machines [1].
The working hypothesis is based on the fact that the movement of a spatially oriented knife will be carried out longitudinally -a translational movement, perpendicular to the trajectory of the movement of the working body.What is schematically depicted in (Fig. 4).
The dynamic movement of the knife will be performed using a self-oscillating hydraulic vibrator [4] (Fig. 5).
ISSN(online)2709-6149.Mining, constructional, road and melioration machines, 102, 2023, 24-30 The development of such a solution was implemented at the Department of Construction Machinery of KNUСA, the prerequisites were the work of the team, in particular, Prof. Smirnov V.M. [3] regarding the structure of the working body and prof.Baladinsky V.M. [2] in relation to the regularities of creating dynamic movements of cutting elements of earthmoving machines.And also, according to the works of Khmara L.A., Ph.D. in relation to the intensification of the mechanization of earthworks in construction [5].
In our opinion, this movement of the working body and the spatially oriented knife of dynamic action should create two cutting forces that are parallel to the trajectories of movement.When developing soils, these forces will be combined into a total cutting force (Fig. 6) [12].Therefore, the cutting forces that occur when interacting with the soil, and the nature of the chip formation and, in general, the energy intensity of digging and for the most productive cutting of the soil will depend on the geometric parameters such as the angle of rotation in the plan, no more than 30-45°, with a spatially oriented knife of dynamic action [13].V  -is the vector of total cutting force PURPOSE OF THE ARTICLE Creation of a technique for calculating the vector of the direction of the soil cutting force with a spatially oriented knife of dynamic action.Depending on the speed ratio of the working body and the spatially oriented knife.Also, the determination of the angle α, which affects the interaction of the knife with the soil.

RESEARCH RESULTS
Depending on the speed of movement of the knife, the direction of force application changes and the angle of interaction of the spatially oriented knife with the soil changes, when the speed of movement of the knife and its feed speed are equalized (at 45 • ) then it starts to work as a knife of rectangular cutting, since the trajectory of movement is perpendicular its side face is calculated as for blocked cutting.
If the speed is less than the feed speed, it affects the destruction zone because it can be calculated using the formula for oblique cutting with a double-edged knife, and if the speed of the knife is greater than the feed speed, then the calculation is carried out as for oblique blocked cutting, since the second edge of the knife does not participate in cutting the soil.
At the beginning of the work, we will examine the ratio of feed and movement speeds of меліоративні машини, 102, 2023, 24-30 3:1; 1:1; 1:3.When the blade is fed into the spatially oriented knife, the vector 1 V appears, depending on the ratio, it has its coordinates on the Y axis, when the knife is moved, the vector 2 V appears, which in turn has its coordinates on the X axis.
To determine the displacement vector, we sum the vectors according to the parallelogram rule, since the vectors have a common origin.The length of the vector V  will show at what speed the knife moves, and the angle α between V  and the vector of displacement of the knife 1 V will indicate the change in the interaction of the spatially oriented knife with the soil, since the spatially oriented knife has an angle of rotation in the plan but its complex movement will affect this angle depending on the speed ratio.
Next, we build vectors according to speed ratios 3:1 (Fig. 7), 1:1 (Fig. 8), 1:3 (Fig. 9).The angle α between the vectors is determined by the formula (1.1) [7,8,9]   The calculation of the angle α at a ratio of 3:1 will be: The calculation of the angle α at a ratio of 1:1 will be: The calculation of the angle α at a ratio of 1:3 will be:  Calculated depending on the angle α, which was determined by the vector sum method.

RESEARCH CONCLUSIONS
After constructing the vectors of movements of the working body and the spatially oriented knife, a method was developed for calculating the direction of the cutting force and the angle of deviation α.Using vector sums and speed ratios ranging from 10:1 when the spatially oriented knife moves ten times faster than the blade, to 1:10 when the spatially oriented knife moves ten times slower.
A graph of the angle α is constructed for ratios from 10:1 to 1:10.
There is also a table of ratios of speeds to average speeds of bulldozers.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Pfrontal cutting force; N is the normal cutting force

Fig. 4 .Fig. 5 .
Fig. 4. Schematic representation of the trajectories of the working body: 1dozer blade; V1the trajectory of the bulldozer movement; 2spatially oriented knife of dynamic action; V2the trajectory of the spatially oriented knife of dynamic action

Fig. 6 . 1 V 2 V
Fig. 6. 1 V -vector of cutting force parallel to the trajectory of the working body;

Fig. 10 .
Fig. 10.Graph of the angle α depending on the ratio of the speed of movement of the spatially oriented knife to the thrust speed of the blade